Conversion of coal to liquid products Download PDF Info ... Prior art keywords coal hydrogen gas oil zone coking Prior art date Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Conversion. In general, coal can be considered a hydrogendeficient hydrocarbon with a hydrogentocarbon ratio near, as compared with a liquid hydrocarbons ratio near 2 (for propane, ethane, butane, and other forms of natural gas) and a gaseous hydrocarbons ratio near 4 (for gasoline).
The utilization of hydrocarbon solid fuels in China mainly depends on thermal conversion, the most representative of which is thermal power generation. In addition, thermal conversion utilization also includes pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction produces chemical products and liquid fuels.
A singlestage process attempts to convert coal to liquids in a single reaction stage. Such process may include an integrated online hydrotreating reactor to upgrade the distillates, as shown in Figure 1. Technology developers included: HCoal (HRI, USA) Exxon donor solvent (Exxon, USA) SRC1 and II (Gulf Oil, USA) Conoco zinc chloride (Conoco ...
Coal liquefaction methods involve carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in the conversion process. If coal liquefaction is done without employing either carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies or biomass blending, the result is lifecycle greenhouse gas footprints that are generally greater than those released in the extraction and refinement of ...
Coal liquefaction is a process of changing coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "Coal to X" or "Carbon to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbonbased products. However, the most common process chain is "Coal to Liquid Fuels" (CTL) Coal liquefaction is the process of converting ...
The Synfuels CTL refinery in Secunda uses an alkene oligomerization process based on solid phosphoric acid (SPA) catalysis to convert most of the light alkene HTFT product into liquid fuels . ... Certainly coal conversion to hydrocarbon liquids and electricity is now economically attractive from a cash cost viewpoint. However, large ...
Alternative liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be obtained from various feedstocks, ranging from solids to gases. CoaltoLiquids (CTL) is a technology based on the liquefaction of coal using three basic approaches; pyrolysis, direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) [6]. GastoLiquids (GTL) and Biomassto
For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57% wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].In slurry hydrogenation processes, catalyst lifetime is ...
FTS is one of the most important synthetic processes. This process, which provides an effective gas to liquid technology, produces a broad range of hydrocarbon products, which are converted to synthetic lubrication oil and synthetic fuel in subsequent refining process, mainly from coal, natural gas resources or biomass.
Gaseous hydrogen is produced industrially from hydrocarbons by the process known as ... The food industry hydrogenates vegetable oils to convert them into solid or semisolid fats that can be ... of nitrogen. In the FischerTropsch process, reported in 1922 carbon monoxide, which is easily derived from coal, is hydrogenated to liquid ...
Current world capacity of hydrocarbon liquefaction is around 400,000 barrels per day (kb/d), providing a marginal share of the global liquid fuel supply. This study performs a broad review of technical, economic, environmental, and supply chains issues related to coaltoliquids (CTL) and gastoliquids (GTL). We find three issues predominate.
Coaltoliquids (CTL) The conversion of coal to liquid fuels and/or chemicals Coprocessing (of coal) The simultaneous conversion of coal and waste carbonaceous feedstocks such as petroleumbased residual oil or tar, plastics, or rubbers via oncethrough direct liquefaction into liquid, solid, and gaseous hydrocarbonaceous materials
The required water consumption is in the region of 1m 3 (1 ton) per each barrel of fuel production [77] and the coal (bituminous) consumption is between to ton per barrel, according to ...
The key to the catalytic process is the construction of a highly efficient tandem catalyst PtMo2C/C + Ru/C, which can directly convert CO and H2O in aqueous phase to liquid hydrocarbons with a ...
The method used to convert LRC into liquid fuel is direct coal liquefaction (DCL), which generally requires maximum temperature, pressure, and use of catalysts and solvents [5]. Coal can be converted into liquid hydrocarbons through indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) through gasification to syngas and the FischerTropsch (FT) process [6], [7], [8].
Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains only about half the amount found in petroleum. Therefore, conversion of coal into liquid fuels involves the addition of hydrogen.
Coal liquefaction is the process of making a liquid fuel from coal. The fundamental difference between coal, a solid, and liquid fuels is that the liquid fuels have a higher hydrogen:carbon ratio. Liquid fuels have lower ash contents and are easier to upgrade (, to remove unwanted impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur).
a gasification plant for converting solid or liquid hydrocarbon fuels into synthesis gas (syngas) 3. a syngas gas cleanup system and. 4. ... of mineral matter suitability are supported by laboratory and technical scale measurements of specific aspects of the coal conversion process.
Indirect liquefaction requires an intermediate gasification of the solid coal to form a synthesis gas, which is then converted to the liquid product. This process results in the complete dismantling of the coal structure. direct liquefaction, coal is exposed directly to hydrogen at high temperatures (450C) and high pressures (kPa ...
Liquefaction is the process of converting solid coal into liquid fuels. The main difference between naturally occurring petroleum fuels and coal is the deficiency of hydrogen in the latter: coal contains only about half the amount found in petroleum. Therefore, conversion of coal into liquid fuels involves the addition of hydrogen. Liquefaction ...
Indirect liquefaction processes require first gasifying the solid feedstocks into a syngas. Therefore, while direct coal liquefaction (DCL) takes coal directly into a liquid phase, indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) consists of two major steps: (a) gasification to produce a synthesis gas (syngas); and (b) conversion of the carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2) in the syngas to a range of ...
obtained from gasification of coal to hydrocarbon liquids. Because the coal is first gasified before conversion to liquid fuels, the FischerTropsch (FT) process for CTL is known as a type of indirect coal liquefaction (ICL). ICL is a completely different approach from DCL for providing liquid fuels from coal. ICL processes first convert ...
direct and indirect. As the names imply, direct processes directly convert coalbased hydrocarbons into liquid fuels, while indirect processes use an intermediate process (gasification) to convert the coal into a gaseous fuel (syngas) before further refining the syngas into liquid fuels. Exhibit 21 gives a general overview of the processes ...
The FischerTropsch process (FT) is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas, into liquid reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts, typically at temperatures of 150300 °C (302572 °F) and pressures of one to several tens of FischerTropsch process is an important reaction ...
HTP was originally invented by the German Nobel laureate Friedrich Bergius for the drying of solid hydrocarbon fuels, also known as wet torrefaction [12, 13] (WT)/hydrothermal dewatering (HTD) [19], which can remove the moisture of biomass in liquid form (coal's temperature = 160350 °C/biomass's temperature = 160250 °C, steam pressure ...
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